目录
- 1 虚拟资本
- 2 投机和虚拟资本
虚拟资本
虚拟资本(德语:fiktives Kapital)是卡尔·马克思对政治经济学的批判所使用的概念。它在《资本论》第三卷第25章中介绍。虚拟资本与马克思所说的“实际资本”和“货币资本”形成鲜明对比,后者是实际投资于生产资料和工人的实物资本,而“货币资本”是持有的实际资金。虚拟资本资产的市场价值根据这些资产未来的预期收益或收益而变化,马克思认为这仅仅是与实际产量的增长间接相关。实际上,虚拟资本代表“对未来生产的累计索偿,合法所有权” ,更具体地说,是对由该生产产生的收入的索偿。
- 虚拟资本可以定义为财产所有权的资本化。这种所有权是真实的,并依法得到强制执行,从中获得的利润也是如此,但所涉及的资本是虚构的;就是“没有任何实质性商品或生产活动基础的作为货币投入的货币”。
- 虚拟资本也可以被定义为“可交易的书面财富声明 ”,尽管有形资产本身在某些条件下也可能价格大幅上涨。
就主流金融经济学而言,虚拟资本是预期未来现金流量的净现值。
投机和虚拟资本
完全可以通过仅以书面形式存在的各种金融债权交易来获利。这是商品拜物教的一种极端形式,其中掩盖了利用劳动力的剩余价值的根本来源。确实,仅使用借入的资本从事(投机性)贸易即可获得利润,而无需任何有形资产的支持。
虚拟资本的价格由一系列复杂的决定因素决定。首先,它们受“所有权赋予持有人权利的当前和预期未来收入的支配,并以现行利率资本化”。[10]但虚拟资本也是投机的对象。这些资产的市场价值可以纯粹由于供需因素的作用而被抬高和人为膨胀,而供需因素本身可以被操纵以牟利。如果大量资本被撤出,膨胀的价值可能会迅速被打穿。
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